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Essential Fish Habitat
Imperative Fish Habitat (EFH) was defined by the U. T. Congress in the 1996 amendments to the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Preservation and Management Act, or Magnuson-Stevens Act, as "those waters and substrate important to fish for spawning, breeding, feeding or growth to maturity. "|1| Utilizing regulations clarified that waters include all aquatic areas and their physical, chemical, and biological properties; substrate includes the associated biological residential areas that make these areas suitable for fish habitats, and the description and identification of EFH should include habitats used anytime during the species' life spiral.|2| EFH includes all types of aquatic habitat, just like wetlands, coral reefs, sand, seagrasses, and rivers.|3|
NOAA Fisheries works with the regional fishery management councils to designate EFH using the best available scientific information. EFH has been described for more than a 1, 000 managed types to date.|4| The primary purpose of EFH regulations is always to minimize the adverse effects of fishing and non angling impacts on EFH for the maximum extent practicable.
In 1996, the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Work was amended to establish a fresh requirements to identify and describe EFH to protect, conserve and enhance EFH for the advantage of the fisheries.|5| The Magnuson-Stevens Act provides jurisdiction over the management and conservation of marine fish species. Federal agencies must consult with NOAA Fisheries when their actions or activities may adversely affect environment identified by federal territorial fishery management councils or perhaps NOAA Fisheries as EFH.|6| On 12 19, 1997, interim final rules were published inside the Federal Register (Vol. sixty two, No . 244) which designate procedures for implementation of the EFH provisions of the Magnuson-Stevens Act.|7| These rules were amended by publication of final rules in January 17, 2002 (Vol. 67, No . 12).|8| he rules, in two subparts, address requirements for fishery management system (FMP) amendment, and aspect the coordination, consultation, and recommendation requirements of the Magnuson-Stevens Act.
Influences from certain fishing methods and coastal and maritime development and may alter, destruction, or destroy habitats important for fish. NOAA Fisheries, the regional fishery management local authorities (FMCs), and other federal agencies work together to minimize these threats.|13| Congress has established councils to classify unfavorable has an effect on on fishes in relation to types of fishing gear, coast developments and nonpoint and point source pollution, along with, evaluating how well every single fishery is managed. The FMCs, with assistance from NOAA Fisheries, has delineated EFH for federally managed species. As new FMPs happen to be developed, EFH for newly managed species will also be defined.|14| FMPs must describe and identify EFH for the fishery, minimize to the extent practicable the adverse effects of fishing on EFH, and identify other actions to encourage the conservation and enhancement of EFH.
Through consultations, NOAA Fisheries can recommend ways federal agencies can avoid or minimize the adverse effects of their actions in the habitat of federally been able commercial and recreational fisheries.|16| Federal action agencies which fund, permit, or carry out activities which may adversely affect EFH must consult with NOAA Fisheries.|17| The federal action agency must provide NOAA Fisheries with an diagnosis of all actions or offered actions authorized, funded, or perhaps undertaken by the agency that may adversely affect EFH.|18| Then NOAA Fisheries will provide the federal actions agency with EFH Resource efficiency recommendations.|19| These Conservation Recommendations provide information on steer clear of, minimize, mitigate, or offset those adverse effects.|20| Federal action agencies need to provide a written explanation to NOAA Fisheries if some of these recommendations have not been implemented.|21| NOAA Fisheries must also include measures to reduce the adverse effects of sportfishing gear and fishing actions on EFH as well.|22| In addition , NOAA Fisheries and the FMCs may touch upon and make recommendations to the state agency on their actions which may affect EFH.|23|
Most consultations are done in the NMFS regional offices: Greater Atlantic Regional Fisheries Business office (GARFO), Southeast Regional Business office (SERO), West Coast Regional Office (WCRO), Alaska Territorial Office (AKRO), and Pacific Islands Regional Office (PIRO). National consultations spanning multiple regions can be done at NOAA Fisheries Headquarters.
State firms and private landowners are not instructed to consult with NMFS. EFH services are required if the federal government has authorized, funded, or performed part or all of a proposed activity, and if the action will adversely impact EFH.|24| Detrimentally affecting EFH includes direct or indirect physical, substance or biological alterations on the waters or substrate and loss of, or injury to varieties and their habitat, and other ecosystem components, or reduction in the quality and/or quantity of EFH.
An environment areas of particular concern or HAPCs are considered high priority areas for conservation, managing, and research.|26| HAPCs are subsets of EFH that merit work because they meet at least one of the following 4 criteria:
provide important ecological function;
are sensitive to environmental degradation;
include a an environment type that is/will become stressed by development;
add a habitat type that is unusual.|27|
Current HAPCs involve important habitats like estuaries, canopy kelp, corals, seagrass, and rocky reefs, between other areas of interest. HAPCs happen to be afforded the same regulatory safeguard as EFH and do not don't include activities from occurring inside the area, such as fishing, snorkeling, swimming or surfing.
Necessary Fish Habitat is selected for all federally managed fish under the MSA whereas Crucial Habitat is designated to get the survival and recovery of species listed seeing that threatened or endangered underneath the Endangered Species Act (ESA).|29| Critical case include areas occupied by threatened or endangered species that include physical and neurological features that are essential to the conservation of the species.|30| Critical Habitat can be designated as critical at that moment a species is listed under the ESA.|31| EFH and Critical Habitat are very different in terms of designation and regulation, but they may overlap for sure species such as salmon.|32|
An environment characteristics include sediment type, type of bottoms (sand, silt and clay), structures underlying the water surface, and aquatic community structures. These case are essential for fish and ecosystem health. The fundamental habitat structure begins with crud. Erosion is stabilized by submerged aquatic vegetation. You will find two main types of bottoms, hard and soft.|33| A study simply by Christensen at el. (2004) looked at three bottom an environment types (vegetated marsh border, submerged aquatic vegetation, and shallow non-vegetated bottom) with regards to juvenile brown shrimp (Farfantepenaeus aztecus). The results from the analysis showed that brown prawn selected vegetated areas in salinities 15-25 ppt and so they would select vegetated areas over marsh edges every time they co-occurred. Finding the areas that had the highest abundance helped to identify EFH of young , small brown shrimp.|34|
Hard bottom also known as coral reefs or live bottom gives hard complex vertical composition for attachment of a dry sponge, seaweed, and coral, which often support a diverse reef seafood community.|35| This community can comprise invertebra, coral, hard coral, bryozoans, ploychaete worms, tunicates, many different fin-fishes, alga, and a sponge. Areas of compacted or sheered mud and sediment can also be a form of hard bottom.|36|
Soft bottom consists of unconsolidated sediment and unvegetated areas. In some regions soft underside are not protected even though they might be primary nursery areas, anadromous fish spawning areas, and anadromous nursery areas. Attributes that affect soft lower part in relation to organisms that employ them include sediment hemp size, salinity, dissolved breathable oxygen and flow.
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