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Essential Fish Habitat
Necessary Fish Habitat (EFH) was defined by the U. T. Congress in the 1996 amendments to the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, or perhaps Magnuson-Stevens Act, as "those waters and substrate necessary to fish for spawning, breeding, feeding or growth to maturity. "|1| Applying regulations clarified that seas include all aquatic areas and their physical, chemical, and biological properties; substrate involves the associated biological residential areas that make these areas well suited for fish habitats, and the description and identification of EFH should include habitats used whenever you want during the species' life spiral.|2| EFH incorporates all types of aquatic habitat, such as wetlands, coral reefs, mud, seagrasses, and rivers.|3|
NOAA Fisheries works with the regional fishery management local authorities to designate EFH using the best available scientific facts. EFH has been described for more than a 1, 000 managed varieties to date.|4| The primary purpose of EFH regulations is usually to minimize the adverse effects of fishing and non angling impacts on EFH for the maximum extent practicable.
In 1996, the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Action was amended to establish a brand new requirements to identify and illustrate EFH to protect, conserve and enhance EFH for the benefit of the fisheries.|5| The Magnuson-Stevens Act possesses jurisdiction over the management and conservation of marine seafood species. Federal agencies need to consult with NOAA Fisheries once their actions or actions may adversely affect environment identified by federal territorial fishery management councils or NOAA Fisheries as EFH.|6| On December 19, 1997, interim final rules were published in the Federal Register (Vol. 62, No . 244) which indicate procedures for implementation with the EFH provisions of the Magnuson-Stevens Act.|7| These kinds of rules were amended simply by publication of final rules upon January 17, 2002 (Vol. 67, No . 12).|8| he rules, in two subparts, address requirements for fishery management strategy (FMP) amendment, and detail the coordination, consultation, and recommendation requirements of the Magnuson-Stevens Act.
Affects from certain fishing routines and coastal and nautical development and may alter, damage, or destroy habitats necessary for fish. NOAA Fisheries, the regional fishery management local authorities (FMCs), and other federal firms work together to minimize these risks.|13| Congress has created councils to classify unfavorable effects on fishes in relation to types of fishing gear, coastal developments and non-point and point source pollution, and, evaluating how well each fishery is managed. The FMCs, with assistance from NOAA Fisheries, has delineated EFH for federally managed varieties. As new FMPs happen to be developed, EFH for newly managed species will also be identified.|14| FMPs need to describe and identify EFH for the fishery, reduce to the extent practicable the adverse effects of fishing in EFH, and identify different actions to encourage the conservation and enhancement of EFH.
Through consultations, NOAA Fisheries can suggest ways federal agencies can easily avoid or minimize the adverse effects of their actions in the habitat of federally managed commercial and recreational the fishing industry.|16| Federal action agencies which fund, license, or carry out activities which may adversely affect EFH must consult with NOAA Fisheries.|17| The federal action agency must provide NOAA Fisheries with an analysis of all actions or proposed actions authorized, funded, or undertaken by the agency which may adversely affect EFH.|18| Then NOAA The fishing industry will provide the federal action agency with EFH Resource efficiency recommendations.|19| These kinds of Conservation Recommendations provide information on steer clear of, minimize, mitigate, or counter those adverse effects.|20| Federal action agencies need to provide a written explanation to NOAA Fisheries if any of these recommendations have not been implemented.|21| NOAA Fisheries must also include measures to minimize the adverse effects of reef fishing gear and fishing activities on EFH as well.|22| In addition , NOAA The fishing industry and the FMCs may touch upon and make recommendations to any state agency on their actions which may affect EFH.|23|
Most consultations are done in the NMFS regional offices: Increased Atlantic Regional Fisheries Business office (GARFO), Southeast Regional Office (SERO), West Coast Local Office (WCRO), Alaska Territorial Office (AKRO), and Ocean Islands Regional Office (PIRO). National consultations spanning multiple regions can be done at NOAA Fisheries Headquarters.
State agencies and private landowners are not instructed to consult with NMFS. EFH discussions are required if the federal government features authorized, funded, or performed part or all of a proposed activity, and if the action will adversely have an effect on EFH.|24| Adversely affecting EFH includes immediate or indirect physical, substance or biological alterations on the waters or substrate and loss of, or injury to species and their habitat, and other environment components, or reduction of the quality and/or quantity of EFH.
Home areas of particular concern or perhaps HAPCs are considered high main concern areas for conservation, supervision, and research.|26| HAPCs are subsets of EFH that merit work because they meet in least one of the following some criteria:
provide important environmental function;
are sensitive to environmental degradation;
include a environment type that is/will get stressed by development;
include a habitat type that is unusual.|27|
Current HAPCs involve important habitats like estuaries, canopy kelp, corals, seagrass, and rocky reefs, between other areas of interest. HAPCs will be afforded the same regulatory safety as EFH and do not don't include activities from occurring inside the area, such as fishing, snorkeling, swimming or surfing.
Essential Fish Habitat is selected for all federally managed fish under the MSA whereas Important Habitat is designated intended for the survival and restoration of species listed since threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act (ESA).|29| Critical habitats include areas occupied by threatened or endangered species that include physical and biological features that are essential to the conservation of the species.|30| Critical Habitat is certainly designated as critical at that moment a species is listed underneath the ESA.|31| EFH and Critical Habitat will vary in terms of designation and legislation, but they may overlap for sure species such as salmon.|32|
Environment characteristics include sediment type, type of bottoms (sand, silt and clay), structures root the water surface, and aquatic community structures. These habitats are essential for fish and ecosystem health. The fundamental habitat structure begins with gunk. Erosion is stabilized simply by submerged aquatic vegetation. You will find two main types of bottoms, hard and soft.|33| A study simply by Christensen at el. (2004) looked at three bottom environment types (vegetated marsh border, submerged aquatic vegetation, and shallow non-vegetated bottom) pertaining to juvenile brown shrimp (Farfantepenaeus aztecus). The results from the research showed that brown shrimp selected vegetated areas in salinities 15-25 ppt and would select vegetated areas over marsh edges after they co-occurred. Finding the areas that had the highest abundance helped to identify EFH of teenage brown shrimp.|34|
Hard bottom also known as coral reefs or live bottom gives hard complex vertical framework for attachment of sponges, seaweed, and coral, which often support a diverse reef seafood community.|35| This kind of community can comprise invertebra, coral, hard coral, bryozoans, ploychaete worms, tunicates, a variety of fin-fishes, alga, and a dry sponge. Areas of compacted or sheered mud and sediment are a form of hard bottom.|36|
Soft bottom consists of unconsolidated sediment and unvegetated areas. In some regions soft underside are not protected even though they may be primary nursery areas, anadromous fish spawning areas, and anadromous nursery areas. Features that affect soft bottom in relation to organisms that make use of them include sediment feed size, salinity, dissolved o2 and flow.
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